WAL and Memtable

Per the RAFT (and MVCC) approach, transactions write data to a Write-Ahead Log (WAL) to ensure it is durably stored. Soon after commit, data is also updated in the memtables which are memory buffers holding recently-updated data. The memtables are mutable, unlike the SST files written to disk which hold most data. Once full, memtables are flushed to disk and become SST files. See Log Compaction for more details on this process.

In the event of a system crash, the persistent data in the Write Ahead Logs is replayed to rebuild the memtables and restore the full system state from before the crash.